Title: Modelling and optimization of possible bottoming units for general single flash geothermal power plants

Abstract

When utilizing geothermal fields for power production, a single flash power plant is often the initial
plant to be built. In most cases, a considerable amount of hot brine is wasted when using single flash
plants, but the energy from this brine could be utilized for additional power generation. This study was
performed to find for a fast and easy way to determine the optimum power output, based on a given
enthalpy of a geothermal fluid. Five energy conversion systems were considered: double flash, single
and second flash, organic Rankine cycle (ORC), advanced ORC and a Kalina cycle. These were
assumed to be installed as a bottoming unit of a single flash plant. The optimum specific power output
of the combined single flash and the bottoming units was determined, based on an enthalpy range of
the geothermal fluid from 500 to 2000 kJ/kg. Furthermore, a comparison of the optimum specific
power outputs of the combined plants was performed. The study was based on the fundamental
thermodynamic principles of energy and mass conservation, where a new methodology for modelling
and optimization was used. Modelling was performed by using material data from the REFPROP7
database along with a Fortran to MATLAB interface. Optimization was performed by using robust
state of the art techniques, based on evolutionary search. A cost analysis was also performed to obtain
the specific levelized annual costs of the combined plants.